4:1 The Spirit clearly says that in later times [the time between Christ’s ascension and return] some will abandon [depart from; cf. Matt. 24:11; Acts 20:29-30] the faith and follow [pay attention to; devote oneself to] deceiving [Satan is the father of lies and deceptions; cf. Jn. 8:44] spirits and things taught by demons.

4:2 Such teachings come through [origin of teachings was demonic (4:1) but spread by people] hypocritical [those spreading error appeared to be devoted to Christ] liars, whose consciences have been seared [and therefore unable to distinguish truth from error] as with a hot iron.

4:3 They [note two prohibitions] [1] forbid people to marry [Paul never prohibited marriage] [2] and order them to abstain from certain foods [a prohibition which had no spiritual value or spiritual foundation; cf. Mk. 7:19], which God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and who know the truth.

4:4 For everything God created is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving,

4:5 because it is consecrated [“sanctified” or set apart] by the word of God [either God’s declaration that all is good (Gen. 1:31), the OT in general, or the Christian gospel message] and prayer [the table blessing offered in thanksgiving to God for His provision].

4:6 If you point these things out to the brothers, you will be a good minister [a servant leader] of Christ Jesus, brought up in [1] the truths of the faith and [2] of the good teaching [the biblical basis of his behavior] that you have followed.

4:7 Have nothing to do with godless [religiously bankrupt] myths [frivolous and not worthy of serious attention (Lea)] and old wives’ tales [inappropriate conversations; silly and empty talk]; rather, train [by means of spiritual disciplines; with the intensity, determination, and discipline of an athlete] yourself to be godly [we owe God both reverence and godly living].

4:8 For physical training [Gr. gumnaze from which we get our word gymnasium] is of some [but not as much as] value [see 1 Cor. 6:19-20 regarding stewardship of our bodies], but [by comparison; even more important than physical fitness; acknowledges that physical fitness should not be ignored] godliness has value for all things, holding promise for both the present life [even as we continue to age and physically deteriorate; see 2 Cor. 4:16] and the life to come [see 2 Cor. 5:1].

4:9 This is a trustworthy saying [the content of verse 8] that deserves full acceptance

4:10 (and for this we labor [strenuous toil] and strive [like an athlete; these words are a reminder that spiritual maturity is a pursuit]), that we have put our hope in the living God, who is the Savior of all men [does not mean that God automatically saves all people], and especially of those who believe [who respond to Him in faith].

4:11 Command [charge authoritatively] and teach [Christian doctrine] these things [see vv. 6-10].

4:12 Don’t let anyone look down on you because you are young [perhaps 30-35 years old; spiritual maturity, not physical maturity, is key to effective ministry; cf. Ps. 119:100], but set an example for the believers in speech, in life [daily behavior should be consistent with speech], in love [self-giving kind of love], in faith [or faithfulness] and in purity [maintain high moral standards].

4:13 Until I come, devote yourself to [ways to refute false teachings include…] [1] the public reading [because people did not have personal copies of the Scripture] of Scripture [i.e., the OT], to [2] preaching [exhortation; warn, advise, urge, and help listeners apply Scripture to daily lives] and to [3] teaching [formal instruction in Christian doctrine].

4:14 Do not neglect [don’t get into the habit of neglecting] your gift [probably exhortation and teaching], which was given you through a prophetic message when the body of elders laid their hands [symbolic acknowledgment, affirmation and recognition of the gift the Holy Spirit had given Timothy] on you.

4:15 Be diligent [keep on keeping on; bury yourself in] in these matters [doctrine and personal holiness]; give yourself wholly to them, so that everyone may see [recognize and be stimulated to personal growth] your progress [through speech, lifestyle, faith, and purity as per v. 12].

4:16 Watch [be spiritually alert and attentive] your life [holy living] and [sound] doctrine closely. Persevere [continue; stick to them] in them, because if you do [our beliefs and behavior matter], you will save [as opposed to “shipwrecked” in 1 Tim. 1:19] both yourself and your hearers [cf. Ps. 69:6].

1:1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, according to the promise of life that is in Christ Jesus,

1:2 To Timothy, my dear son [Timothy converted on Paul’s first missionary journey (Acts 14:8-23)]: Grace, mercy and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.

1:3 I thank God, whom I serve, as my forefathers did, with a clear conscience, as night and day I constantly remember you in my prayers.

1:4 Recalling your [Timothy’s] tears [possibly refers to tears shed at their last meeting prior to the writing of 1 Timothy (cf. 1 Tim. 1:3) or to tears shed at Paul’s visit recorded in Acts 20:17-38], I [Paul] long to see you [an intense longing for a reunion with Timothy], so that I may be filled with joy.

1:5 I have been reminded of your sincere [genuine] faith, which first lived in your grandmother Lois and in your mother Eunice [cf. 2 Tim. 3:15] and, I am persuaded [convinced], now lives in you also.

Note: The word “sincere” means “without wax” or “sine cera.” It was a word used to designate pottery or porcelain that was perfect. Cracked porcelain frequently was patched with wax and unsuspecting buyers would not discover the flaw in their purchase until the sunlight melted the wax. Thus some have defined the term “sincere” as meaning “judged in the sunlight.” Honest merchants were always careful to label their wares “sine cera.”

1:6 For this reason I remind you to fan into flame [to stir up coals already burning] the gift [spiritual gift; in this case, Timothy’s God-given ability to preach and teach] of God, which is in you through the laying on of my hands [this act acknowledged (publicly and officially) that Timothy had received God’s gift but was not the means of bestowing that gift; cf. 1 Tim. 4:14].

1:7 For God did not give us a spirit of timidity [fearfulness, cowardice, hesitancy], but a spirit [refers to the spiritual traits God produces in believers] of power [God provides divine strength for the accomplishment of His divine work], of love and of self-discipline [self-control or sound judgment].

1:8 So do not be ashamed [these words are a warning, not an accusation; stand firm against any temptation to cowardice] to testify about our Lord [refers to the gospel message], or ashamed of me his prisoner [Paul was a prisoner of Jesus Christ, the One who had captured his heart]. But join with me [Christian ministry is a team effort] in suffering [cf. Matt. 5:11-12; Mk. 8:34-38; 1 Thess. 3:4] for the gospel, by [by relying on…] the power of God [not human strength alone],

1:9 who has saved us and called us to [salvation should result in holy living] a holy life [to live a life patterned after Jesus (cf. Rom. 8:28-30)]—not because of anything we have done [works] but because of his own purpose and grace. This grace was given us [to all who place their faith in Christ alone for salvation] in Christ Jesus before the beginning of time,

1:10 but it [what God had planned from the beginning] has now been revealed through the appearing of our Savior, Christ Jesus, who has destroyed [abolished or made ineffective (for those who place their faith in Him; cf. Rom. 6:23)] death [ultimately death will be destroyed (1 Cor. 15:26)] and has brought life and immortality [eternal life] to light through the gospel.

1:11 [cf. 1 Tim. 2:7] And of this gospel I [Paul] was appointed [indicates that Paul did not choose these roles…] a herald [one sent to announce some news to the public] and an apostle [one commissioned or sent to do a special task; cf. Acts 9:1-6] and a teacher [Paul instructed people about Christ].

1:12 That is why I am suffering [cf. 2 Cor. 11:22-27] as I am. Yet I am not ashamed, because I know [means more than knowing facts; indicates personal relationship with Christ] whom I have believed, and am convinced that he is able to guard what I have entrusted [himself, his salvation] to him for that day.

1:13 What you heard from me, keep as the pattern [this term is translated “example” in 1 Tim. 1:6; could designate an outline] of sound [healthy (as opposed to false doctrine)] teaching, with faith and love in Christ Jesus.

1:14 Guard the good deposit [the truth of the gospel] that was entrusted to you—guard it with the help of the Holy Spirit [convicts us when we stray from the truth] who lives in us.

1:15 You know that everyone in the province of Asia [included Ephesus, where Timothy ministered] has deserted me [because of his arrest and the influence of the false teachers], including Phygelus and Hermogenes [identity of these two is uncertain; possibly held leadership positions in the church].

1:16 May the Lord show mercy to the household of Onesiphorus, because [1] he often refreshed [through his companionship and/or by providing for Paul’s practical needs (food, clothing, supplies)] me and [2] was not ashamed of my chains [he did not desert Paul because of his imprisonment].

1:17 On the contrary, when he was in Rome, he searched hard [made a great effort] for me until he found me.

1:18 May the Lord grant that he will find mercy from the Lord on that day! You know very well in how many ways he helped me in Ephesus.

2:1 You then, my son, be strong in [rely upon the Lord’s strength] the grace that is in Christ Jesus.

2:2 And the things you have heard me say in the presence of many witnesses [various groups of people] entrust [place or deposit in the care of] to reliable [faithful] men who will also be qualified to teach [disciple] others.

2:3 Endure hardship [opposition and obstacles] with us [all who serve Christ must “endure hardship”] like [Paul used three images to illustrate Christian faithfulness and endurance…] [1] a good soldier [represented a disciplined and faithful individual] of Christ Jesus.

2:4 No one serving as a soldier gets involved in civilian affairs [soldiers do not allow the concerns of everyday life to distract them from their main purpose]—he wants to please his commanding officer [or the one who enlisted him].

2:5 Similarly, if anyone competes as [2] an athlete, he does not receive the victor’s crown [an evergreen wreath] unless he competes according to the rules.

2:6 The [3] hardworking farmer should be the first to receive a share of the crops [as a faithful Christian worker will receive rewards in heaven].

2:7 Reflect on [consider] what I am saying [the images of the soldier (2:3-4), athlete (2:5), and farmer (2:6)], for the Lord will give you insight [understanding to make right judgments or to comprehend correctly] into all this.

2:8 Remember Jesus Christ [our model of endurance; He completed the work He came to do], raised from the dead [death and resurrection of Jesus comprise the essence of the gospel], descended from David [cf. Matt. 1:1; Rom. 1:3; Jesus fulfilled God’s promise to David that his descendant would forever be on the throne (2 Sam. 7:12-16; Lk. 1:31-33)]. This is my gospel,

2:9 for which I am suffering even to the point of being chained like a criminal [this word is also used to refer to the thieves who hung on the crosses beside Jesus (Lk. 23:32)]. But God’s word is not chained [God’s truth can never be chained or imprisoned].

2:10 Therefore I endure [cf. 2 Cor. 6:3-10; 11:23-33] everything [note the reason for Paul’s diligent perseverance and willingness to endure suffering…] for the sake of the elect [all who respond to God’s call to salvation; cf. terminology in Deut. 7:6], that they too may obtain the salvation [so that others might have the opportunity to hear the gospel] that is in Christ Jesus [the source of salvation], with eternal glory [a benefit of salvation].

2:11 Here is a trustworthy saying [the following could have been part of a Christian confession of faith used at baptism or part of a Christian hymn]: If we died [either the death symbolized by baptism (dying to sin) or martyrdom; cf. Rom. 6:1-11; Col. 2:20; 3:1] with him, we will also live with him;

2:12 if we endure [endure persecution, hatred, rejection; Paul believed that those genuinely saved would endure; cf. Matt. 24:13], we will also reign with him. If we [those who are not saved] disown [deny; the kind of denial rooted in unbelief] him, he will also disown us [cf. Matt. 10:33];

2:13 if we [Christians] are faithless [at times], he [God] will remain faithful, for he cannot disown himself.

2:14 Keep reminding [reminding people of the truth is one way to combat error] them [the entire church; the faithful teachers of 2:2; false teachers] of these things [likely refers to the “trustworthy saying” in 2:11-13]. Warn them before God [emphasizes that we all are accountable to God for our actions] against quarreling about words; it is of no value [not profitable; such useless quarreling causes division], and only ruins those who listen.

2:15 Do your best [“be diligent” (NKJV) or be zealous] to present yourself to God as one approved [one who has stood the test; term commonly used for metals which had been tested by fire and proved to be genuine], a workman [a laborer for God] who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly handles [Gr. “orthotomounta” means “to cut straight” (as in accurately cutting a stone to fit into a wall or cutting a piece of cloth with straight edges)] the word of truth [another designation for the gospel].

2:16 Avoid [because the threat of heresy was constant, Timothy was to remain continually alert] godless chatter [cf. 1 Tim. 6:20; 2 Tim. 2:14; false doctrine], because those [the chatterers (or false teachers)] who indulge in it will become more and more ungodly [will advance in ungodliness].

2:17 Their teaching will spread like gangrene. Among them are [note two of the false teachers in Ephesus…] Hymenaeus [cf. 1 Tim. 1:20] and Philetus,

2:18 [note three things about these men…] [1] who have wandered away from the truth. [2] They say that the resurrection has already taken place, and [3] they destroy the faith of some [the disastrous impact of their false teaching on others].

2:19 Nevertheless, God’s solid foundation stands firm, sealed with this inscription: “The Lord knows those who are his [cf. Num. 16:5],” and, “Everyone who confesses the name of the Lord must turn away [from Gr. verb meaning “to apostatize” which means to depart, withdraw, or stand aloof from someone or something] from wickedness [cf. Num. 16:26].”

2:20 In a large house [implies a degree of wealth] there are articles [implements and vessels such as jars, dishes, pots] not only of gold and silver, but also of wood and clay; some [the gold and silver articles] are for noble [as in the case of entertaining guests] purposes and some [the wood and clay articles] for ignoble [as in everyday use].

2:21 If a man cleanses himself from the latter [from false teachings and the godlessness associated with them], he will be an instrument for noble purposes, made holy [set apart], useful [of practical help] to the Master and prepared to do any good work.

2:22 Flee [cf. 1 Tim. 6:11] the evil desires [sexual lusts and other expressions youthful immaturity] of youth, and [Paul followed negative warning with positive alternative] pursue righteousness [morally upright behavior], faith [confidence in God; cf. 1 Cor. 13:13], love [affection for others; cf. 1 Cor. 13:13] and peace [living in harmony with others], along with those [we need one another] who call on the Lord out of a pure heart.

2:23 Don’t have anything to do [don’t get drawn into…] with foolish and stupid arguments [“silly and ill informed” (Phillips); the kind of false teachings that divide the church], because you know they produce quarrels [verbal battles].

2:24 And the Lord’s servant [Gr. doulon = slave; Timothy] must not quarrel [cf. 1 Tim. 3:3]; instead [note four positive traits…], he must [1] be kind to everyone, [2] able to teach [cf. 1 Tim. 3:2], [3] not resentful [toward those who oppose you or treat you wrong].

2:25 Those who oppose him [4] he must gently instruct [correct wrong ideas], in the hope that [note two outcomes…] [1] God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth [that they would understand he gospel and turn to faith in Christ],

2:26 and [2] that they will come to their senses [become sober in their thinking] and escape from the trap of the devil, who has taken them captive [cf. “capture” in Lk. 5:10] to do his will.

3:1 But mark this: There will be terrible [term can mean fierce, dangerous, hard to handle or bear, troublesome] times in the last days [the period between Christ’s ascension and His second coming].

3:2 [Paul listed 19 different traits that would characterize people in the last days] People will be [1] lovers of themselves [more interested in pleasing self than in pleasing God; other sinful attitudes grow when we set our eyes on ourselves rather than God], [2] lovers of money [materialistic; cf. Matt. 6:24], [3] boastful [a way to draw attention to oneself], [4] proud [tend to look down on others], [5] abusive [attack others with abusive speech], [6] disobedient to their parents [and to others in positions of authority], [7] ungrateful [demonstrate a lack of appreciation to God and others who make efforts on their behalf], [8] unholy [regard nothing as sacred],

3:3 [9] without love [unwilling to show natural human affection (particularly toward family)], [10] unforgiving [remember wrongs and hold grudges], [11] slanderous [from the same word used for Devil in the NT; term means “accuser”], [12] without self-control [lack of self-discipline], [13] brutal [word means “fierce” and implies an inability to be tamed], [14] not lovers of the good [laugh at morality; scorn virtue],

3:4 [15] treacherous [traitors who are loyal only to themselves; willing to betray the trust of others], [16] rash [reckless], [17] conceited [hold an inflated opinion of themselves], [18] lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—

3:5 [19] having a form of godliness [know the talk and go through the motions but do not give evidence of a transformed life; their Christianity is for show, not for real] but denying its power. Have nothing to do with them [those who profess Christ but are not changed by Him].

3:6 They [false teachers] are the kind who worm [implies that they get in under false pretenses; manipulative] their way [false teachers used underhanded methods to try to win converts] into homes and gain control over [capture the imagination, interest, and allegiance of] weak-willed [gullible; little; silly] women [particular women in the Ephesian church, not women in general], who are loaded down with sins [an indication that their lack of spiritual insight made them susceptible to temptation] and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires,

3:7 always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth.

3:8 Just as Jannes and Jambres [the names of these individuals do not appear in the OT but are mentioned in Jewish, pagan, and Christian sources as two of Pharaoh’s magicians who opposed God’s authority through Moses (cf. Ex. 7:11; 9:11)] opposed Moses, so [like Jannes and Jambres] also these men [the false teachers] oppose the truth—men of depraved [corrupted] minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected [worthless or of no spiritual usefulness; same Gr. word translated “disqualified” in 1 Cor. 9:27].

3:9 But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will [in the due course of time] be clear to everyone.

3:10 You, however, know all about [note 9 items that demonstrated the purity of Paul’s motives in preaching the gospel] [1] my teaching [the gospel message Paul proclaimed], [2] my way of life [Paul’s conduct was characterized by obedience to God], [3] my purpose [cf. Acts 20:24], [4] faith, [5] patience, [6] love [the kind of love that acts in the best interests of others], [7] endurance [Paul stayed faithful to His God-given purpose regardless of opposition, trouble, persecution, or pressure to do otherwise],

3:11 [8] persecutions, [9] sufferings—what kinds of things happened to me in [note three Galatian cities Paul visited on his first missionary journey…] Antioch, Iconium and Lystra [Timothy’s hometown; Paul was stoned and left for dead there (cf. Acts 14:19-20)], the persecutions I endured [Paul shared the gospel at great risk to his own life; cf. 2 Cor. 11:22-33]. Yet the Lord rescued me from all of them.

3:12 In fact, everyone who wants to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted [word suggests being hunted like a wild animal; cf. Jn. 15:18-21],

3:13 while evil men and impostors [term literally means sorcerers or wizards (perhaps alludes to earlier reference to Jannes and Jambres)] will go [note downward progress…] from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived.

3:14 But as for you, continue [“hold to” or “remain”; indicates a permanent life-style; constantly learn more of God’s Word] in what you have learned [OT teachings; the gospel; the basics never change] and have become convinced of [or “have firmly believed”], because you know those [included Timothy’s grandmother Lois, his mother Eunice (1:5), Paul, and perhaps others] from whom you learned it,

3:15 and how from infancy [infant; partially grown; perhaps from age of five years; cf. 2 Tim. 1:5 re: influence of Timothy’s grandmother (Lois) and mother (Eunice)] you have known the holy Scriptures [sacred writings], which are able to make you wise [cf. Gal. 3:24; Scriptures supplies information for decision] for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus [cf. Acts 4:12].

3:16 All [every] Scripture [OT writings; today refers to OT and NT; see 2 Pet. 5:7 re: Peter’s affirmation of Paul’s letters] is God-breathed [Gr. theopneustos; divinely-inspired; cf. 2 Pet. 1:20-21] and is useful [practical value] for teaching [teaches us which path to walk; instruction in divine truth], rebuking [shows where we get off the path; exposing/refuting doctrinal error and personal wrongs], correcting [shows us how to get back on the path; setting people straight by pointing them in the right direction] and training in righteousness [shows us how to stay on the path; right attitudes/actions],

3:17 so that the man [every believer] of God may be thoroughly [properly] equipped [fitted out; specially adapted] for every good work.

4:1 In the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and in view of his appearing [Christ’s return] and his kingdom, I give you this charge:

4:2 Preach [to proclaim or deliver a message on behalf of a king or high official] the Word; be prepared in season and out of season [“whether convenient or not” (HCSB)]; correct, rebuke [one of the functions of God’s Word (2 Tim. 3:16); confronting sin and identifying it for what it is] and encourage [related to noun rendered “Counselor” in Jn. 14:16]—with great patience and careful instruction.

4:3 For the time will come when men will not put up with sound doctrine [the kind of doctrine that leads to spiritual health]. Instead, to suit their own desires, they will gather around them a great number of teachers [false and deceptive teachers] to say what their itching ears want [rather than what they need] to hear.

4:4 They will turn their ears away [or “turn aside”, a medical term that described a limb pulled out of joint] from the truth and turn aside to myths [something untrue or not valid historically; cf. 1 Tim. 1:4].

4:5 But you, [1] keep your head in all situations [literally, the verb means “keep sober” (in this case to stay spiritually alert to recognize heretical teaching)], [2] endure hardship [such endurance demonstrates faithfulness; hardship is inevitable for a Christian who stays true to the faith], [3] do the work of an evangelist [this noun appears also in Acts 21:8 and Eph. 4:11; to announce or preach the good news], [4] discharge all the duties of your ministry [a general reference to work done in Christ’s name; finish the job God called you to do].

4:6 [Paul used two images to describe his approaching death…] [1] For I am already being poured out like a drink offering [reflects OT practice of pouring out wine in association with specified sacrificial offerings; cf. Num. 15:1-10; 28:7], [2] and the time has come for my departure [or “loosing,” a word that paints a picture of a ship unloosed and ready to sail to another location or of soldiers breaking camp; Paul was being released from this life in order to head to a new destination].

4:7 [Paul made 3 statements to summarize his ministry] [1] I have fought the good fight [Paul compared his service to an athletic contest or military campaign], [2] I have finished the race [Paul had been faithful to the course that God had planned for him; he had not dropped out when he was tired and exhausted], [3] I have kept the faith [this phrase is from the business world and meant to keep the conditions of a contract; Paul demonstrated loyalty to God throughout his ministry].

4:8 Now there is in store for me [the promise of a future reward had motivated Paul to faithfully serve Christ] the crown of righteousness [cf. 1 Cor. 9:25; the rewards God grants believers for their righteous living and serving (cf. Phil. 1:21)], which the Lord, the righteous Judge [cf. Rev. 22:12], will award to me on that day [when He returned as Judge]—and not only to me, but also to all who have longed for his appearing [refers to Jesus’ second coming].

4:9 Do your best to come to me quickly,

4:10 for Demas, because he loved this world, has deserted me and has gone to Thessalonica. Crescens has gone to Galatia, and Titus to Dalmatia.

4:11 Only Luke is with me. Get Mark and bring him with you, because he is helpful to me in my ministry.

4:12 I sent Tychicus to Ephesus.

4:13 When you come, bring the cloak that I left with Carpus at Troas, and my scrolls, especially the parchments.

4:14 Alexander the metalworker did me a great deal of harm. The Lord will repay him for what he has done.

4:15 You too should be on your guard against him, because he strongly opposed our message.

4:16 At my first defense [possibly at an earlier trial or at an initial stage of his current trial (similar to a hearing before a grand jury in our justice system)], no one came to my support, but everyone [possibly because of fear or weakness of character] deserted me. May it not be held against them [Paul did not harbor bitterness against those who had deserted him; cf. Jesus’ words in Lk. 23:34 and Stephen’s words in Acts 7:60].

4:17 But the Lord stood at my side and gave me strength, so that through me the message might be fully proclaimed and all the Gentiles might hear it. And I was delivered from the lion’s mouth [signifies deliverance from a deadly danger; cf. David’s language in Ps. 22:21].

4:18 The Lord will rescue me from every evil attack and [death would usher Paul into heaven] will bring me safely to his heavenly kingdom. To him be glory for ever and ever. Amen.

4:19 Greet Priscilla and Aquila and the household of Onesiphorus.

4:20 Erastus stayed in Corinth, and I left Trophimus sick in Miletus.

4:21 Do your best to get here before winter. Eubulus greets you, and so do Pudens, Linus, Claudia and all the brothers.

4:22 The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.

3:1 Here is a trustworthy saying [cf. 1 Tim. 1:15]: If anyone sets his heart on being an overseer [Gr. “episkopos”; sometimes used interchangeably with “elder” (cf. Acts 20:17,28; Titus 1:5-7; refers to the leader on the local level; resembled role of pastors today], he desires a noble [valuable] task.

3:2 Now the overseer must be above reproach [blameless; does not mean perfection; nothing in his life should discredit him or the message], the husband of but one wife [“a one-woman man” faithful to his one wife], temperate [self-controlled in regard to alcohol, passion, lust, money], self-controlled, respectable [life worthy of dignity and honor; behavior is appropriate at all times], hospitable [cf. Rom. 12:13], able to teach [imperative in order to expose false doctrines and equip believers in sound doctrine],

3:3 not given to [addicted to] drunkenness, not violent [bully who manipulates others through threats and intimidation; one who strikes another] but gentle [one who willingly gives consideration to others], not quarrelsome [a person who starts fights], not a lover of money [greedy; cf. 1 Tim. 6:9-10].

3:4 He must manage [to rule or govern; authority exercised with compassion and sensitivity] his own family well and see that his children obey him with proper respect [dignity].

3:5 (If anyone does not know how to manage his own family [home is training ground for ministry], how can he take care of God’s church?)

3:6 He must not be a recent convert [or a novice; stresses importance of spiritual maturity; be careful to not mistake spiritual potential for spiritual wisdom], or he may become conceited [prideful] and fall under the same judgment as the devil [God’s judgment against the Devil; God will hold believers accountable].

3:7 He must also have a good reputation with outsiders [unbelievers; cf. Col. 4:5], so that he will not fall into disgrace and into the devil’s trap.

3:8 Deacons [literally means “servant”], likewise, are to be men worthy of respect [character and spiritual commitment should merit respect of others], sincere [not hypocritical], not indulging in much wine [cf. Eph. 5:18], and not pursuing dishonest [cutting moral corners for financial gain] gain [greedy for money].

3:9They must keep hold [be grounded in] of the deep truths [or mystery (the revelation of God in Christ)] of the faith [phrase refers to the content of the biblical message; sound doctrine] with a clear conscience [by obeying God willingly].

3:10 They must first be tested [involved proven intellectual knowledge of God’s Word and a lifestyle consistent with its teachings]; and then if there is nothing against them [above reproach], let them serve as deacons.

3:11 In the same way, their wives [can impact the effectiveness of their husbands’ deacon ministry] are to be women worthy of respect, not malicious talkers [slanderers from Gr. “diabolos”; included gossip and insults] but temperate [self-controlled rather than impulsive] and trustworthy in everything [refers to scope of their reliability and trustworthiness].

3:12 A deacon must be the husband of but one wife [must be completely dedicated to one woman as his wife] and must manage his children and his household well.

3:13 Those who have served well [1] gain an excellent standing [has a good reputation before God and others] and [2] great assurance in their faith in Christ Jesus.

3:14 Although I [Paul] hope to come to you [to Timothy in Ephesus] soon [in order to confront the false teachers who caused confusion in the church], I am writing you these instructions so that,

3:15 if I am delayed [we don’t know if Paul ever made this visit], you will know how people ought to conduct themselves [the qualifications listed in this chapter for pastors and deacons should apply to all Christians; what is good for the pastor in the pulpit is good for the people in the pews] in God’s household [Christians are part of God’s family], which is the church of [belongs to] the living [as opposed to lifeless gods worshiped by pagan Ephesians] God, the pillar and foundation of the truth.

3:16 [a summary outline of Christian truth…] Beyond all question, the mystery of godliness is great: He appeared in a body, was vindicated by the Spirit, was seen by angels, was preached among the nations, was believed on in the world, was taken up in glory.

2:1 I urge, then, first of all, that requests [petitions or requests individuals made of God], prayers, intercession [prayers for others] and thanksgiving [gratitude for God’s blessings] be made for everyone [indicates scope of Paul’s concern]—

2:2 for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness.

2:3 This [a life of prayer, dignity, and godliness] is good, and pleases God our Savior,

2:4 who wants [this does not mean that all will be saved] all men to be saved [refers to conversion] and to come to a knowledge of the truth.

2:5 For there is one God [cf. Deut. 6:4] and one mediator [an arbiter or negotiator] between God and men, the man Christ Jesus [cf. Jn. 14:6; Acts 4:12],

2:6 who gave himself as a ransom [refers to a price paid to release a captive or slave] for all men—the testimony [Christ’s death] given in its proper time.

2:7 And for this purpose I was appointed a [1] herald and an [2] apostle—I am telling the truth, I am not lying—and a [3] teacher of the true faith to the Gentiles.

2:8 I want men everywhere to lift up holy hands in prayer, without anger or disputing.

2:9 I also want women to dress modestly, with decency and propriety, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or expensive clothes,

2:10 but with good deeds, appropriate for women who profess to worship God.

2:11 A woman should learn in quietness and full submission.

2:12 I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent.

2:13 For Adam was formed first, then Eve.

2:14 And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner.

2:15 But women will be saved through childbearing—if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety.

Note: 1 Timothy probably was written around A.D. 63 following Paul’s first imprisonment in Rome. Paul’s letter is filled with practical advice on how to lead a church.

---

1:1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the command of God our Savior and of Christ Jesus our hope,

1:2 To Timothy my true son in the faith: Grace, mercy and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.

1:3 As I urged [may indicate Timothy was reluctant to stay] you when I went into Macedonia, stay there in Ephesus so that you may command [refers to stern orders] certain men [included Hymenaeus and Alexander (cf. 1:20)] not to teach false [another of a different kind] doctrines [contradicted true teachings of the apostles] any longer

1:4 nor to devote themselves to [note elements promoted by false teachers] myths [cf. Titus 1:4; 2 Tim. 4:4] and endless genealogies. These promote controversies [or empty speculations] rather [fruitless discussions distracted from the important work of leading people to faith in Christ] than God’s work—which is by faith.

1:5 The goal of this command is love [of God and others], which comes from a pure heart and a good conscience [center of moral and rational behavior; helps believer distinguish true from false teaching] and a sincere [in contrast to false or hypocritical] faith.

1:6 Some have wandered away [to deviate or go astray] from these [from acceptable teaching] and turned to meaningless talk.

1:7 They [the false teachers] want to be teachers of the law, but they do not know what they are talking about or what they so confidently affirm.

1:8 We know that the law is good if one uses it properly.

1:9 We also know that law is made not for the righteous but for lawbreakers and rebels, the ungodly and sinful, the unholy and irreligious; for those who kill their fathers or mothers, for murderers,

1:10 for adulterers and perverts, for slave traders and liars and perjurers—and for whatever else is contrary to the sound doctrine

1:11 that conforms to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, which he entrusted to me.

1:12 I thank Christ Jesus our Lord [three reasons why Paul was grateful], [1: because Christ gave him strength] who has given me strength [to empower, enable], [2: because Christ trusted him] that he considered [reckoned, counted] me faithful, [3: because Christ put him into service] appointing [placing] me to his service [ministry; Gr. diakonia, which basically means service].

1:13 Even though I was once [formerly] a blasphemer [one who slanders God; probably means that in his opposition to the Christian movement Paul cursed the name of Jesus] and a persecutor [one who pursues as a hunter; cf. Acts 9:1; 22:4; Paul zealously tried to destroy Christianity] and a violent [“treatment which is calculated publicly to insult and openly to humiliate the person who suffers it” (Rienecker/Rogers)] man, I was shown mercy [pity; God does not choose us on the basis of anything good in us (cf. Isa. 64:6); God uses us because He is good not because we are good] because I acted in ignorance and unbelief [Paul sincerely believed he was serving God by trying to destroy the emerging Christian movement].

1:14 The grace [provided salvation] of our Lord was poured out on me abundantly [“above its usual measure”], along with the faith [appropriated salvation] and love that are in Christ Jesus.

1:15 Here is a trustworthy saying that deserves full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to [purpose] save [rescue] sinners — of whom I am [“The sinner remains a sinner even if forgiven; the past is always there as a stimulus to deeper penitence and service.” (Rienecker/Rogers)] the worst [first, chief].

1:16 But for that very reason I was shown mercy so that in me, the worst of sinners, Christ Jesus might display his unlimited patience [longsuffering] as an example [Gr. hupotuposis: an outline, a sketch-plan, a first-draft, a preliminary model, a prototype / “This is what a life looks like when it’s shaped by the grace of God … and it could be your life.” (Swindoll)] for those who would believe on him and receive eternal life.

1:17 Now [recipients of God’s mercy and grace should respond with praise; in this case, spontaneous praise] to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen [so be it].

1:18 Timothy [pastor of the church at Ephesus; sent by Paul to deal with false teachings (1 Tim. 1:30)], my son [indicates a mentoring relationship], I [still concerned about Timothy] give [to lay upon or command] you this instruction [urgent charge or command] in keeping with the prophecies [see 1 Tim. 4:14 and Acts 16:2] once made about you, so that by following [living according to] them you may [daily] fight the good fight [Christian life can be tough],

1:19 holding on to faith [personal commitment to follow Christ; right beliefs] and a good [Christian] conscience [enlightened by the study of Scripture and developed by living in obedience to Christ]. Some [e.g., see v. 20 re: Hymenaeus (see 2 Tim. 2:17-18) and Alexander (see 2 Tim. 4:14)] have rejected [thrown away] these and so have shipwrecked [through doctrinal and/or moral compromise] their faith.

1:20 Among them are Hymenaeus [cf. 2 Tim. 2:17-18] and Alexander [possibly the coppersmith mentioned in 2 Tim. 4:14], whom I have handed over [indicates that they probably were members of the church; Paul’s actions were redemptive in regard to these men and protective in regard to the church] to Satan to be taught not to blaspheme.

These notes are based on the NASB text.

16:1 Now concerning the collection with the saints, as I directed the churches of Galatia, so do you also.

Paul urged the Corinthians to participate in an offering “for the poor among the saints in Jerusalem“ (Romans 15:26). This offering is also mentioned in 2 Corinthians 8-9, Galatians 2:10, and in Romans 15:25-29. The fund-raising project must have been successful as seen in Romans 15:25-29, written after 1 Corinthians. Paul suggested a practical plan for the collection of monies.

16:2 On the first day of every week let each of you put aside and save, as he may prosper, that no collections be made when I come.

[A] “On the first day of the week” suggests that each member of the congregation was to come to worship on the Lord’s Day prepared to contribute to the offering. Giving was to be worshipful and systematic.

[B] “let each of you put aside and save” suggests that each member of the congregation was to participate, rich and poor alike. They were to set some monies aside and bring them to their assembly on the Lord’s Day.

[C] “as he may prosper” suggests that giving was to be proportionate. People were expected to give according to their income and means. Those that had more should certainly give more.

16:3 And when I arrive, whomever you may approve, I shall send them with letters to carry your gift to Jerusalem;

16:4 and if it is fitting for me to go also, they will go with me.

Paul believed in the proper handling of money. He encouraged the church to select a “finance committee” to handle and deliver their gift to Jerusalem.

16:5 But I shall come to you after I go through Macedonia, for I am going through Macedonia;

16:6 and perhaps I shall stay with you, or even spend the winter, that you may send me on my way wherever I may go.

16:7 For I do not wish to see you now just in passing; for I hope to remain with you for some time, if the Lord permits.

Paul had mentioned that he would visit Corinth in 1 Corinthians 11:34. He was at Ephesus when he wrote to the Corinthians and hoped to spend the winter with them and then travel to Jerusalem with their offering for the poor saints.

16:8 But I shall remain in Ephesus until Pentecost;

16:9 for a wide door for effective service has opened to me, and there are many adversaries.

Paul was a good stewardship of the opportunities God placed before him. He would remain in Ephesus and preach Christ. As with all opportunities and open doors, there is the prospect of danger and opposition. Such was the case for Paul. (Refer back to 1 Corinthians 15:32).

16:10 Now if Timothy comes, see that he is with you without cause to be afraid; for he is doing the Lord’s work, as I also am.

16:11 Let no one therefore despise him. But send him on his way in peace, so that he may come to me; for I expect him with the brethren.

Paul advised the Corinthians to encourage Timothy, a young man with great potential in the Lord’s work. Though he was young, they were not to despise him. See also 1 Timothy 4:12.

16:12 But concerning Apollos our brother, I encouraged him greatly to come to you with the brethren; and it was not at all his desire to come now, but he will come when he has opportunity.

See Acts 18:24-28 for more information about Apollos. Paul encouraged Apollos to return to and minister in Corinth.

16:13 Be on the alert, stand firm in the faith, act like men, be strong.

16:14 Let all that you do be done in love.

This is good advice for any church!

[A] Be on the alert” – be watchful and vigilant. See 1 Thessalonians 5:6.

[B] “stand firm in the faith” – do not be “tossed here and there by waves, and carried about by every wind of doctrine,by the trickery of men, by craftiness in deceitful scheming” (Ephesians 4:14).

[C] “act like men” – do not remain “babes in Christ” (1 Corinthians 3:1) but rather put away childish things (1 Corinthians 13:11).

[D] “be strong”

[E] “Let all that you do be done in love.” See 1 Corinthians 13:1 – 14:1.

16:15 Now I urge you, brethren (you know the household of Stephanas, that they were the first fruits of Achaia, and that they have devoted themselves for ministry to the saints),

16:16 that you also be in subjection to such men and to everyone who helps in the work and labors.

Stephanas and his household were the first converts in Achaia and were baptized by Paul (see 1 Corinthians 1:16). They were faithful workers in the Lord’s work worthy of the respect of the church.

16:17 And I rejoice over the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and Achaicus; because they have supplied what was lacking on your part.

16:18 For they have refreshed my spirit and yours. Therefore acknowledge such men.

Stephanas and Fortunatas and Achaicus visited Paul in Ephesus. They probably delivered the letter from the church to Paul and likely delivered Paul’s response to the church. They conferred with him about church matters and refreshed his spirit as well.

16:19 The churches of Asia [located in what is now part of Turkey] greet you. Aquila and Prisca [an alternate spelling of Priscilla] greet you heartily in the Lord, with the church that is in their house [church buildings not bilt until third century].

Aquila and Priscilla were a husband-wife team. Paul met them in Corinth. Like Paul, they too, were tent-makers (Acts 18:1-3). They are mentioned six times in the New Testament.

16:20 All the brethren greet you. Greet one another with a holy kiss.

The “holy kiss” was an expression of brotherly love. Men kissed men and women kissed women.

16:21 The greeting is in my own hand – Paul.

Paul added his personal signature to the letter which he had dictated to a secretary (an amanuensis). See also Galatians 6:11 and 2 Thessalonians 3:17.

16:22 If anyone does not love the Lord, let him be accursed. Maranatha.

Maranatha means “O Lord, come.” This expressed the hope of believers.

16:23 The grace of the Lord Jesus be with you.

16:24 My love be with you all in Christ Jesus. Amen.

Paul closed this tough letter in a tender way.

These notes are based on the NASB text.

15:1 Now I make known to you [that is, “I draw your attention”], brethren, the gospel which I preached to you, which also you received, in which also you stand,

15:2 by which also you were saved [present tense indicating continuous action – “being saved”], if you hold fast the word which I preached to you, unless you believed in vain [superficially and insincerely].

Paul reminds the Corinthians of the good news he proclaimed to them (cf. 1 Corinthians 4:15), which they received, and in which they stand and by which they were saved.

15:3 For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures,

When and where did Paul receive the gospel? On the Damascus Road (Acts 9:19)? At Arabia (Galatians 1:17)? At Jerusalem (Galatians 1:18)?

Paul declares that what he received was rooted in history.

[A] “Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures.” The death of Christ was a historical fact. Many men died at the hands of the Romans, but His death was for our sins. His death was according to the Scriptures. His death was foretold in several places in the Old Testament (see especially Isaiah 53:5-12).

Regarding the phrase “according to the Scriptures,” refer to the experience of the two who encountered Jesus on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13-35). Luke records, “And beginning with Moses and with all the prophets, He explained to them the things concerning Himself in all the Scriptures” (Luke 24:27).

15:4 and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures,

[B] “He was buried.” Christ did not merely swoon on the cross. He actually died on the cross and was buried.

[C] “He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures.” Jesus died (past tense) and was buried (past tense) and was raised (perfect tense indicating that He remains raised from the dead. A past event with results continuing to the present).

15:5 and that He appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve.

15:6 After that He appeared to more than five hundred brethren at one time, most of whom remain until now, but some have fallen asleep;

15:7 then He appeared to James, then to all the apostles;

15:8 and last of all, as it were to one untimely born, He appeared to me also.

[D] “He appeared.” The appearances of Christ following His resurrection are an important part of the historical facts of the Gospel. Lest anyone try to deny the resurrection, Paul lists actual eye-witnesses in chronological order, many of whom were still living and available for interrogation.

[1] “He appeared to Cephas” (Peter). See Luke 24:34.

[2] He appeared to “the twelve.” Although Judas was dead, the term was used as a collective term for Jesus’ disciples.

[3] “He appeared to more than five hundred brethren at one time.” Perhaps Matthew 28:16-20 is a reference to this occasion (although this appearance is not specifically mentioned anywhere in the Gospels). At any rate, many of these eye-witnesses were still alive. They could be questioned by anyone.

[4] “He appeared to James.” Most scholars believe that this is a reference to the half-brother of Jesus. James is mentioned in Mark 6:3. According to John 7:5 he was an unbeliever. The resurrection must have provided him with the proof he needed to become a believer. He later became the leader of the Jerusalem church (Acts 15:13-21).

[5] He appeared “to all the apostles.” See Acts 1:3-11.

[6] He appeared to Paul, an unbeliever convinced that Jesus was dead.

15:9 For I am the least of the apostles, who am not fit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.

15:10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and His grace toward me did not prove vain [that is, empty or without success]; but I labored [toiled to the point of exhaustion] even more than all of them, yet not I, but the grace of God with me.

Christ appeared to Paul and his life was forever changed. By God’s grace he was saved and given a new purpose in life. Paul labored for the Lord to the point of exhaustion. He was able to do so because of God’s grace.

15:11 Whether then it was I or they [the other apostles], so we preach and so you believed.

Paul and all the apostles were faithful in proclaiming the good news of salvation. That is what mattered. That is what had made a difference in the lives of the Corinthians.

15:12 Now if Christ is preached, that He has been raised from the dead, how do some among you say that there is no resurrection from the dead?

Some were denying, not the resurrection of Christ per se, but the resurrection of men from the dead. Paul proceeds to show the Corinthians that the resurrection of Christ and our resurrection are linked together. Christ is the first-fruits (see verse 20). That means there is more to come. But if Christ has not been raised from the dead, then there are some serious ramifications to consider.

Notice that “if there is no resurrection of the dead”, then…

15:13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, not even Christ has been raised;

[A] “not even Christ has been raised.” (See also verse 16).

15:14 and if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith also is vain.

[B] “our preaching is vain” – There is no good news to proclaim.

[C] “your faith is also in vain” – Because if Christ has not been raised they had trusted something which was false and had no basis in fact. See also verse 17.

15:15 Moreover we are even found to be false witnesses of God, because we witnessed against God that He raised Christ, whom He did not raise, if in fact the dead are not raised.

[D] Paul and all the apostles (see verse 11) who proclaim the gospel would be liars.

15:16 For if the dead are not raised, not even Christ has been raised;

See verse 13. Paul reinforces his point through repetition.

15:17 and if Christ has not been raised, your faith is worthless; you are still in your sins.

[E] “your faith is worthless” – Because they trusted in a lie. See also verse 14.

[F] “you are still in your sins” – The death and resurrection of Christ assure the believer of salvation from sin. But if Christ has not been raised there is no remedy for sin. Living believers are unjustified.

15:18 Then those who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished.

[G] Those believers who have died have perished. There is no hope of a future in heaven. Dead believers have perished. There is no hope of ever seeing them again.

15:19 If we have hoped in Christ in this life only, we are of all men most to be pitied.

[H] Believers are the most pathetic and miserable of all men. All of their sufferings and sacrifices are without meaning and purpose. They have a faith without a future. They are committed to an illusion, a lie. Why, then, be a Christian?

15:20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who are asleep.

Good news! “Christ has been raised from the dead.” He is “the first-fruits” or the promise of more to come. See Leviticus 23:4-11 for the background of this metaphor. See Colossians 1:18 where Paul refers to Christ as “the first-born from the dead.”

15:21 For since by [through] a man [Adam] came death, by [through] a man [Christ Jesus – see 1 Timothy 2:5] also came the resurrection of the dead.

15:22 For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all [that is, all who are in Christ] shall be made alive.

The first Adam introduced death to mankind. The last Adam offers men life.

15:23 But each in his own order: Christ the first fruits, after that those who are Christ’s at His coming,

At the second coming of Christ, “those who are Christ’s” will experience the resurrection. “But each in his own order” meaning [1] Christ first (He is the first fruits), [2] Christians who have died, and [3] Christians who are alive at His coming. See 1 Thessalonians 4:13-17.

Regarding the word “coming.” It translates the Greek word parousia.

[A] “It was a word commonly used in the Greek world in reference to the return home of a journeying monarch.” (M.J. Berquist)

[B] This term was used by the early Christians to designate the second coming of Christ.

15:24 then [after an unspecified period of time] comes the end [the accomplishment of God’s creative and redemptive purpose in Christ], when He delivers up the kingdom to the God and Father, when He has abolished all rule and all authority and power.

Note the three conditions that must be fulfilled in order for the end to come.

[A] “when Christ delivers up the kingdom to God the Father”

[B] “when He has abolished all rule and all authority and power.” The phrase “all rule and all authority and power” refers to various human and nonhuman demonic powers that oppose God’s rule. See 1 John 5:19. This condition actually precedes the first.

See verse 28 for the third condition.

15:25 For He must reign until He has put all His enemies under His feet.

“Christ alone must reign till no enemy remains to separate God and man.” (Mid-America Theological Journal, Spring 1983)

15:26 The last enemy that will be abolished is death.

Death was not victorious over Christ, neither will it be victorious over those who belong to Christ. See also verse 54.

15:27 For He has put all things in subjection under His feet. But when He says, “All things are put in subjection,” it is evident that He [God] is excepted who put all things in subjection to Him.

15:28 And when all things are subjected to Him, then the Son Himself also will be subjected to the One who subjected all things to Him, that God may be all in all.

[C] “when all things are subjected to Him” – Mission accomplished!

15:29 Otherwise, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, why then are they baptized for them?

Paul did not believe in the practice of baptism for the dead but used it as an illustration concerning the resurrection.

15:30 Why are we also in danger every hour?

15:31 I protest, brethren, by the boasting in you, which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily.

15:32 If from human motives I fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what does it profit me? If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink for tomorrow we die.

If Christ has not been raised from the dead then Paul said it was foolish for him and others to endanger their lives in the proclamation and propagation of the Gospel. See 2 Corinthians 11:23-33 for an overview of some of the dangers that Paul experienced for the sake of the Gospel. Sacrifice, suffering, and service is foolish if Christ has not been raised from the dead. If Christ has not been raised from the dead, then one might as well adopt the hedonistic Epicurean philosophy which says, “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die.”

15:33 Do not be deceived [this is a command to stop an activity in progress]: “Bad company corrupts good morals.”

Paul cautioned the Corinthians against associating with and listening to those who did not believe in the resurrection and who were without moral convictions. That would only lead to wrong living. Those who did not believe in the resurrection could easily fall into the trap mentioned in the previous verse: “If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink for tomorrow we die.”

 15:34 Become sober-minded as you ought, and stop sinning; for some have no knowledge of God. I speak this to your shame.

Paul exhorted the Corinthians to come to their senses and stop sinning. Some had no knowledge of God and denied the resurrection because of the sinful behavior of the Corinthians.

15:35 But someone will say, “How are the dead raised? And with what kind of body do they come?”

Some were asking the how and what questions regarding the nature of the resurrected body. Perhaps, “How can a decomposed human body be raised? What will it look like?” Paul used three analogies to answer these questions.

15:36 You fool! That which you sow does not come to life unless it dies;

15:37 and that which you sow, you do not sow the body which is to be, but a bare grain, perhaps of wheat or of something else.

15:38 But God gives it a body just as He wished, and to each of the seeds a body of its own.

[A] The analogy of the seed. A seed that is planted in the ground dies but eventually springs forth in an even more glorious state. Read verses 42-48 for a more detailed discussion of this point.

15:39 All flesh is not the same flesh, but there is one flesh of men, and another flesh of beasts, and another flesh of birds, and another of fish.

[B] The analogy of flesh. The resurrection body will be as different from our present body as the flesh of men, beasts, birds, and fish are different from one another. Just as the flesh God has given to men and beasts and birds and fish is suited to their respective environments, so the resurrection body will be well-suited for its environment.

15:40 There are also heavenly bodies and earthly bodies, but the glory of the heavenly is one, and the glory of the earthly is another.

15:41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars; for star differs from star in glory.

[C] The analogy of celestial bodies. Each is distinctive and suited to its particular sphere. In like manner the resurrection body will be different from the natural body and suited to its new sphere.

15:42 So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown a perishable body, it is raised an imperishable body;

Note the differences between the body that dies and is buried and the body that is raised from the dead.

[A] Perishable versus imperishable.

15:43 it is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power;

[B] Dishonor versus glory.

[C] Weakness versus power.

15:44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If [since] there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body.

[D] Natural versus spiritual.

See verse 53 for the following comparisons:

[E] Perishable versus imperishable.

[F] Mortal versus immortal.

15:45 So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living soul.” The last Adam became a life-giving spirit.

15:46 However, the spiritual [Christ] is not first, but the natural [Adam]; then the spiritual [Christ].

15:47 The first man is from the earth [that is his origin], earthy [made of dust]; the second man is from heaven [that is His origin].

15:48 As is the earthy, so also are those who are earthy; and as is the heavenly, so also are those who are heavenly.

15:49 And just as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly.

See Philippians 3:20-21 and 1 John 3:2.

15:50 Now I say this, brethren, that flesh and blood [the present natural body] cannot inherit the kingdom of God; nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable.

A change in our earthy bodies must take place to prepare us for eternity. Our earthy bodies are not suitable to a heavenly existence. Believers who are alive at the second coming of Christ will be changed and those who have died will “inherit the imperishable,” that is, receive new resurrection bodies.

15:51 Behold, I tell you a mystery [a message beyond human comprehension]; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed,

Not all believers will experience death (before the parousia), but all will “be changed,” that is, receive new resurrection bodies. See also 1 Thessalonians 4:13-17.

15:52 in a moment [atomos or the smallest fragment of time], in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet [at the voice of Jesus Christ – see Revelation 1:10 (McGee)]; for the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we shall be changed.

15:53 For this perishable must put on the imperishable, and this mortal must put on immortality.

The word “must” emphasizes that we cannot go to heaven with our old bodies. We must be outfitted with new incorruptible and immortal bodies.

15:54 But when this perishable will have put on the imperishable, and this mortal will have put on immortality [refer back to verse 50], then will come about the saying that is written, “Death is swallowed up in victory.”

When the perishable and mortal is changed to imperishable and immortal the believer will be beyond the reach of death. See verse 26.

15:55 “O death, where is your victory? O death, where is your sting?”

15:56 The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law;

The word “sting” “represents death as a venomous creature, a scorpion, or a hornet which is rendered harmless” (Rienecker/Rogers).

15:57 but thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.

Our victory is through Christ.

15:58 Therefore, my beloved brethren, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your toil is not in vain in the Lord.

This verse is nothing less than a triumphant note of victory. The word “Therefore” points back to everything Paul has written regarding Christ’s victory over death and the assurance that those who are in Christ share that victory. The word “Therefore” assures us that our “toil is not in vain in the Lord.”

The word “be” is an imperative and should be understood as “continue to be.” Paul urged the Corinthian Christian to continue to be “steadfast” or “firm or fixed” in their faith, not swayed by contrary argument. They were to be firmly rooted and established in their faith (see Colossians 2:6).

The word “immovable” means to stay in place and not shift from a position. Paul urged the Corinthian Christians to stay in place doctrinally. They were not to give in to any attempts to overthrow their belief in the resurrection. They were to be so fixed in place that they would not be “tossed here and there by waves, and carried about by every wind of doctrine, by trickery of men, by craftiness in deceitful scheming” (Ephesians 4:14). They were to guard against being taken “captive through philosophy and empty deception, according to the tradition of men, according to the elementary principles of the world, rather than according to Christ” (Colossians 2:8).

Paul also urged the Corinthian believers to always abound in the work of the Lord. This is the mark of a steadfast, immovable believer. “Always abounding” means to do more than enough. It means to go a second and third mile when it comes to the work of the Lord. It means to work quietly, consistently, and faithfully in the work of the Lord. Our work for the Lord should indeed be overflowing.

The word “knowing” is the important word here. It is a word that speaks of conviction and assurance. The believer can work with the confident assurance that his work is not vain, empty, or futile. The Amplified Bible translates this phrase, “being continually aware that your labor in the Lord is not futile-never wasted or to no purpose.” What a marvelous assurance. Some men labor without the assurance that their work is meaningful or purposeful, but not the believer. The believer can labor knowing that his work is both meaningful and purposeful and of eternal significance.